Discuss and evaluate the social, physical and psychological needs of Essay

Discuss and evaluate the social, physical and psychological needs of children when particpating in sport and exercise - Essay Example In recent years, experts are trying to investigate the social, physical, and psychological needs of children, so that efficient steps can be taken to ensure their proper development. This paper will specifically discuss some of such needs that are essential for children during their sport activities and exercises. It is very imperative to provide positive environment to children, which can motivate them in enhancing their different skills. It is observed that atmosphere plays an important role during sport activities, and one of the significant physical needs for children is a positive and proper environment that should be safe, healthy, secure, as well as, near to nature, as children develops intellectually more quickly in natural environment, rather than artificial one. (Humphrey, pp. 23-25) In addition, children are very sensitive and studies have indicated that a biased environment often reverses their development process. In this regard, guardians and teachers should consider providing opportunity to every child to show his talent and skills, in order to avoid any kind of inferiority or complex, which can be very complicated for their personality development in future. Furthermore, appropriate training is necessary to avoid any kind of psychological abuse that may affect children during participation in sport activities. In this regard, a number of social, physical, and psychological needs are essential and important to enhance the process of personality development in children around the globe. It is hoped that the paper will be beneficial for students, teachers, and professionals in better understanding of the

Effective Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Effective Team - Essay Example Remember everything is easy to do; all that makes it difficult will be the wrong mindset the person doing the thing might have whiles doing the thing. Teams are very important tools in various aspects of life ranging from education sports and the world of business. One very important thing that makes a team powerful is the coming together of various complementary skills from different individuals with different perspectives and qualities. All knowledge and skills are not embedded in only an individual . It is therefore important all these individual skills and qualities are brought together to complement one another or in other words enrich each others value and potential in attaining a common goal for the common good of all. This however makes teams especially i n the business sector very necessary and more powerful than indicial efforts in the performance of certain duties . Although characteristics of teams might sound very rosy, one difficulty that comes with it is its formation or I should say the ability to form an effective team. There is however more difficulty when the right steps are not taken before these teams are formed and when this happens managing the teams after formation becomes very difficult. These things that need to be considered before a team is formed will be explained into details later in the essay. WHO IS AN INDIVIDUAL From the definition of a team given earlier on in the essay, it is very obvious that individuals form the basic core and elements of a team. It is however important we take a look at who actually an individual is. This will help us especially in bringing the right and compactable individuals together to form a team. An individual however refers to a person or any subject in a collection. In this case, this collection will be all humans. Each individual however has his or her own unique qualities and skills but not all qualities and skills. It is therefore if not impossible, very rare to find an individual who poses all knowledge in all fields. This however means individual efforts and actions made in solving certain problems or attaining certain goals are limited hence reducing the efficiency in outputs of individual efforts as compared to the outputs of the efforts of an effective and well established team. In order to make good use of these individual traits and skills, it is important we bring all these individuals together and transform them into a strong team which will achieve great goals and give out efficient performances in whatever area of work that might be concerned, especially in the area of business. The process of transforming individuals into teams must however bring a complete change and all conditions of preservation and stagnation on the parts of the individuals must be eliminated. This also means certain mindsets and practices

A standard costing and variance analysis

A standard costing and variance analysis Study suggests that many companies use standard accounting to determine costs and for measuring performance. However, there has always been speculation on standard costing being the most effective measurement. The actual cost usually differs from the standard costs, which is based on calculations and assumptions. Standard accounting takes into account various factors like price, specifications, quantity and quality of the material. The estimations involved in analyzing and setting standard costs involve the efficiency of the management. If a difference between the actual cost and the standard cost is observed, an investigation is required since it suggests the inefficiency in the calculation of estimates. Relevance of Standard Costing and Variance Analysis The standard costs are calculated according to the following flowchart and the variance is monitored and recalculated at every interval to reduce cost variance. Definition of standard cost: a pre-determined cost calculated in relation to a prescribed set of working conditions, correlating technical specifications and scientific measurements of material and labor to the price and wage rates expected to apply during the period to which the standard cost is intended to relate, with the addition of an appropriate share of budgeted overhead (CIMA [ICMA] definition) The standard costs are to be set by the management after a set of calculations. These calculations can either be based on historical records or on engineering studies. Depending on the type of company and volatility in costs, a great deal of care is to be taken into setting standards. Standard costing is usually applied in conjunction with other costing methods (or variance analysis): Absorption and marginal costing Job and process costing Budgeting and budgetary control Advantages of Standard Costing The costing standards are helpful in establishment of prices, budgets and production schedules. The employees are motivated to maintain efficiency to reduce errors in achieving a target. Management by exception is allowed to be practiced by variances. Record keeping and stock evaluation are harmonized and simplified due to a standard set of costing used across the system. Responsibility is defined with the help of variance analysis. The technical analysis necessary to set standards will result in better methods, greater efficiency and in cutting costs. The standards provide essential control information which help in comparing the actual costs to the standards. Disadvantages of Standard Costing Firstly standard costing will not be very efficient for companies that use a lean system. In lean production, the volumes produced are lowered and the inventories re consumed only after the determining amounts of the quantity demanded. Secondly, there might be changes in the working practices, the prices and volumes of the raw materials, which reduce the standards and are misleading and inappropriate. Many costs are incurred in maintain and calculating the standard costing systems. Over assumptions of costs in an urge to make the standard costs favorable may lead to high cost variances. This may also lead to non-productive work like measuring and completing forms. Standard costing is overly focused on statistical data and thus there might be a conflicting boundary between the standard cost and estimated cost. For example the overheads may require running at full efficiency even though the excess production is not required. Standard costing maybe applicable in larger firms with high production lines and bigger resources, but for smaller firms, the basic thumb rule methods are more appropriate for use in control. Alternative methods Activity Based Costing In this method, the costs are recognized due to the cause and effect relationship between the activities and costs that drive the company costs. This method can theoretically be used in any industry due to its flexibility in determining costs at different levels. ABC, just like the other traditional costing systems, it often results in recognizing indirect costs on easily identifiable figures such as direct labor hours. It often results in inaccuracy in assigning the costs to its relevant activity. However, this method is used effectively in complex companies where certain costs are not easy to record and evaluate. It is used in companies which are not completely service based. Balanced score card The balanced score card is used as a performance measure and for strategic planning in major organizations. It was invented by Dr. Kaplan and David Norton that analyzed measurements in a combination of traditional and strategic method to give a more balanced view to the management. The balanced scored had four main perspectives: Learning and growth perspective The scorecard considers learning as one of the most important perspectives in the case of employees and at an organizational level. Funds can be adequately allotted by managers to ensure the training needs of a worker since the developing industry requires a continuous improvement in the skill level. Business process perspective In this perspective, metrics are used to allow the managers to understand the importance of their internal business and whether the products and services are capable of satisfying the customers needs. The metrics for a business process are best when designed by a highly experienced internal manager. Customer perspective The constant increase in the market trend from a customers perspective has increased companies to use metrics to define customer satisfaction levels. If the quality of the products and services reduce, the customer satisfaction would drop and thus he would switch to a more competitive company. Hence, frequent measures such as the scorecard and customer feedbacks have to be used to understand the customers requirements. Financial perspective A company needs to constantly calculate its financial data and create a capacity to fund the current projects. The accuracy involved in this data will help the managers create a planned and organized expenditure. Data such as the risk assessment and cost-benefit data has to be identified in this perspective. The standard costing requires accuracy in calculating this data since any errors could cause a large cost variance and affect direct labor and direct material cost. Target costing Target costing is a cost management tool for reducing the overall product cost in a production life cycle. This approach is most commonly used in Japanese companies along with Six Sigma, Kaizen and various other approaches. Unlike traditional methods, target costing takes a very proactive approach to pricing. It analyzes the costing information of the product and suggests the best possible price upfront. This saves the wastage in time and costs involved in re-engineering and design. In particular, target costing concentrates on phase wise reduction of costs in a product life cycle. The decisions involve a large team a multi-level team of staff from production, engineering, etc. to determine the acceptable market price. Just-in-time method The JIT method is one of the lean methods used in the new production systems. It is very efficient in supply chains and production units in determining the quantity of products to be produced depending on the customer requirements. However, JIT method also results in a few disadvantages such as purchasing inventory that is not required immediately. Due to the stock up of inventory, there are chances of the goods being damaged or lost. Also, the more assets a company is holding, the higher premium it has to pay. Thus having excessive assets is not an efficient option. Assets include both cash and inventory, but cash is more flexible and helps in precluding loans which means lesser liabilities for the organization. When the demand increases, the orders would have to be rushed and thus greater staffing working in overtime is required. This would lead to an increase in the direct labor costs and also would reduce employee satisfaction. The company would also have to manage the orders in a short period of time which create a lot of trouble for the middle level management. This change in costs further affects the standard costing of a company. Total Quality Management Total quality management involves the continuous improvement of products and services while also involving the managers and employees in a quality management approach. TQM is aimed at increasing the quality while reducing the wastage in production of goods. Some of the popular companies involved in the adaptation of TQM include Toyota motor company, Ford motor company, Phillips semiconductor and SGL carbon. TQM involves the continuous improvement of a process, and thus improving the future results of a process. It contains a combination of quality management tools which helps in increasing the quality at pace with the improving market standards. Kaizen methods Kaizen in Japanese stands for improvement in simple terms. When the word is split, kai means change and zen means good. The most important aspect of a kaizen method is to standardize your process. Most of the companies that follow the kaizen method use a PDCA life cycle. One of the leading motor companies using this method efficiently is Toyota motors. Toyota has extensively implemented the continuous improvement strategy in its lifecycle. The basic steps of the kaizen method involve the Plan-Do-Check-Act life cycle. As the title suggests, the first step of the process involves planning the costs and estimating the costs accurately. The next step involves measuring and implementing the costs and the effectiveness using various measuring techniques. The third phase involves checking whether the standards are optimal and efficient and if not act accordingly towards continuous improvement. After achieving the new results, these are set as the new standards and thus create accuracy. The cycle repeats itself continuously improving the process. Pricing decisions in service sectors Most healthcare organizations do not realize the benefits of standard costing in an organization and thus result in high cost variances. The application of standard costing systems used in such organizations can help in realizing the losses in unrecovered overhead on time and hence take corrective action. In todays world, customers in the service sector demand the prices to be lowered and a better cost information system. The most effective way to deal with this is to use standard costing and variance analysis. Full costs per unit should be measured in advance of providing a service. The variable costs can thus be easily estimated since the facilities in the service sector directly use the pricing process.

Shakespeares Othello - Honest Iago :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

Othello – Honest Iago Without a doubt, one of the main themes that runs throughout William Shakespeare’s tragic play, Othello, is that of honesty.   In the play, the most interesting character is Iago, who is commonly called and known as "Honest Iago."   However, this could not be farther from the truth.   Through some carefully thought-out words and actions, Iago is able to manipulate others to do things in a way that benefits and moves him closer to his own goals.   He is smart and an expert at judging the characters of others.   Because of this, Iago pushes everyone to their tragic end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Iago knows very well that trust and deceit must go hand in hand in order for him to achieve his vengeance on Othello and Cassio.   Hence, as he plans the downfalls of them, he is continually trying to obtain their undoubting trust.   He slowly poisons people’s thoughts, creating ideas in their heads without implicating himself.   Iago even says himself that the advice he gives is free and honest and thus, people rarely stop to consider the possibility that Iago is fooling them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One person Iago deceives is Roderigo.   Throughout the play, Iago tells him that he hates Othello and that Roderigo should make some money so he could give gifts to Desdemona, who he admires from afar.   Thinking that this is sound advice, Roderigo does just that.   However, Iago is actually keeping the gifts that Roderigo plans to give Desdemona for himself.   Eventually, Roderigo begins to catch on to the act and confronts Iago, but he falls right into Iago’s trap again when he tells him that killing Cassio will help him win over Desdemona.   Roderigo is then lead to his death by the hands of "Honest Iago."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like Roderigo, Cassio also believes in "Honest Iago," for he thinks that Iago is only trying to help him.   On the night of Cassio’s watch, Iago convinces him to take another drink, knowing very well that it will make him drunk.   Even though he really doesn’t want to, Roderigo puts his faith into   Iago and states, "I’ll do’t, but it dislikes me."   Iago’s plan goes smoothly when Cassio is make to look like an irresponsible fool, resulting in his termination as lieutenant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Iago’s master plan of deception, however, centered around Othello’s jealously over Desdemona.   The whole time, Othello holds Iago to be his close friend and advisor.

Grade 10 History Notes Essay

The Canadians had to take over the ridge which was located on the Douai plain, in France, and was in control by the Germans * To take over the ride it was split into 5 parts| * This was the high point of Canadian military * The use of â€Å"creeping barrage† allowed the ridge to be taken over quickly * The battle was short * Years later they made a memorial to commemorate the 11,000+ soldiers who died at Vimy ridge. | The Halifax Explosion| * This took place when two ships that had explosive materials aboard, they collided while pulling out of the port * This explosion ruined about 1. km of land mass| * Left many Canadians dead or blind * Damaged the economy * Later months when the war ended, the port was not ready to take ships which was also a factor that delayed the soldiers from returning| Life in the Trenches| * Horrible, the trenches were filled with rats and lice * Soldiers were always cold, soaking wet, and hungry * Trenches were uneven and intricate| * Soldiers were r eally messed up by the life in the trenches. The content gunfire caused soldiers to develop a mental illness known as â€Å"shell shock† * They could develop trench foot which was the rotting and swelling of flesh| Women and World War One| * Men that left for the war, left families and jobs behind * Women took the jobs of the men because they needed to provide for a family * Other women were war nurses| * Without the women urging the war years, the factory industry would have died. Sparked the feminist movement * Women thrived in fields such as journalism, social work and nutrition| * A short term cause of world war one included Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s trip to Sarajevo * Britain, France, Canada and Russia were all members of the triple entente * Contributing factors to the failure of the schlieffen plan are Russia mobilized more swiftly than expected, the British sent their army to France to defend the channel ports, the Belgian forces put up much strong resistance than expected, and the French were able to gather reinforcements in the time to prevent Paris from falling * In 1914, many people felt that the great war would all be over by Christmas * Both sides on the western front built trenches to protect themselves from attack, to prepare for counterattack, to provide safe communications for supply lines, and to prevent being outmanoeuvred by the enemy * Most Canadians were happy to be involved with WW1 because many Canadians had been born in Britain or were British descent * Dreadnoughts was not a technological advance that caused horrific causalities * The only important naval battle of world war one was the battle of Jutland * Lord Kitchener was an important British general * Income tax was introduced by prime minister burdens government as a temporary measure to help pay for the hu ge costs of war * The Zimmerman telegram, the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915,and German unrestricted submarine warfare were all reasons for the USA joining the war in 1917 * Mata Hari was a double agent in WW1 for Germany and French * The Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919 One of the clauses of the treaty of Versailles mention reparations which was a means of payment for land destruction * A positive outcome of the technology developed during the great war was the use of gas to kill unwanted predatory animals * Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and irag were countries made by the treaty of Versailles * The Canadian government delayed the return of their soldiers until spring 1919 because of the winter weather, Canadians troops helped to occupy parts of Germany, and limited number of ships at the time. * After war measures included income tax, department of health and pensions for the returning soldiers Unit Two: Canada and the 1920’s + 1930’s Term | Definition| Significance| Flapper| A young fashionable women| * Brought new styles (bob haircuts, above the knee dresses) * They pushed the boundaries by staying out late , smoking and swearing. These women helped with the feminism movement during this time| Group of seven| A group of Canadian painters| * Inspired later Canadian artists such as Emily Carr * These artists painted Canadian Landscape, and now ar e very famous now, to own a painting is to own a part of Canadian history| Roaring Twenties| A time of prosperity for Canada | * Feminism movement allowed women to vote and led to later movements in the 1960s * Music, dances and slang words led to the quick development of agriculture * Everyone was niave in a sense that they believed the amazing prosperity of the twenties could last forever, it all came to a crashing end when the great depression began in the late 1920s| Prohibition| The ban of alcohol in a certain country or city.

Comparison of Julius Caesar and Abraham Lincoln

Julius Caesar is remembered as one of the history greatest general, and a popular leader of the roman republic. Julius Caesar would always compare himself to Alexander the greatest. For almost 15 years Julius Caesar led armies against enemies. Abraham Lincoln was also remembered as one of the greatest in American history at his time, he was the 16th president of the United States of American. He was born on February 12, 1809; Lincoln was 51 years old when he was elected president.Abraham Lincoln was a leader in the union of the civil war; he impacted on American history because he help get rid of slavery and also kept our union together as one. Slavery was a big issue in the United States Abraham managed to bring the country closer to equality. Julius Caesar was one of the first leaders to publish the newspaper, he made the Roman calendar, and the month of July was named after him.Julius Caesar effectively transformed the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire under his rule. He made p olitical alliances that helped him rise in power, then he started a civil war won and became dictator for life in the Roman world in 48 B. C. Julius and Abraham were both assonated. Julius Caesar helped poor people. He took the money from the rich and gave it to the poor. Unfortunately the rich didn't like this. Most of the rich people were in the senate.One day when Caesar went to the senate they all teamed up against him and stabbed him to death. Julius Caesar had too much control and power, Rich people wanted to rid himself. Abraham Lincoln was the first president to die of assassination. Abraham Lincoln was killed because of his promotion of voting rights for blacks. He was shot once in the back of his head by John Booth this shot immediately dropped him to the floor.

12 Types of Characters Featured in Almost All Stories

12 Types of Characters Featured in Almost All Stories 12 Types of Characters Featured in Almost All Stories They say it takes all kinds to make the world go round - and the same is true of stories. Whether you’re writing fantasy, romance, or action-adventure, you’re going to need certain types of characters to keep the plot moving and your readers intrigued!That’s why we’ve put together this handy-dandy guide of 12 character types featured in almost every story: to help you figure out which ones you need, how they relate to one another, and what purposes they can serve. 12 characters featured in almost all stories What are the different types of characters?Most writers have an inherent understanding of how to categorize their characters based on classic, â€Å"comic book-style† labels: heroes, villains, sidekicks, etc.  But in the ever-intricate realm of stories, there are many more nuanced types to consider!Before we explore these types, however, you should know that there are two main ways to classify them: by role, and by quality.RoleCharacter role refers to the part that one plays in the story. As you probably know, the most important role in any story is the protagonist (which we’ll discuss below). This means all other roles stem from their relationship to the protagonist. Basically, these types define how characters interact and affect one another.Types based on role include:ProtagonistAntagonistDeuteragonistTertiaryConfidanteLove interestFoilSome of these roles can overlap. A deuteragonist might be the MC’s confidante. The antagonist might be their foil. Or the an tagonist might eventually become the protagonist’s love interest! (Any fans of the enemies-to-lovers trope up in here?)But we’re getting ahead of ourselves. Let’s quickly touch on the second major category of character types.QualityCharacter quality has to do with what kind of character someone is. This doesn’t refer to their temperament, such as being nice or mean, but rather their nature within the story, such as being dynamic or static. Scout Finch - the archetypical child. Image: Universal Pictures11. Symbolic characterAs we mentioned earlier, a symbolic character is used to represent something larger and more important than themselves, which usually ties into the overall message of the book or series. This type must also be used sparingly - or at least subtly, so the reader doesn’t feel like the symbolism is too heavy-handed. As a result, the true nature of a symbolic character may only be fully understood at the very end of a story.Symbolic examples: Aslan (symbolizes God/Jesus in The Chronicles of Narnia), Jonas (symbolizes hope in The Giver), Gregor Samsa (symbolizes the difficulty of change/being different in The Metamorphosis)12. Round characterDon’t get this one confused with Humpty-Dumpty. A round character is very similar to a dynamic one, in that they both typically change throughout their character arc. The key difference is that we as readers can intuit that the round character is nuance d and contains multitudes even before any major change has occurred.The round character has a full backstory (though not always revealed in the narrative), complex emotions, and realistic motivations for what they do. This doesn’t necessarily mean they’re a good person - indeed, many of the best round characters are deeply flawed. But you should still be interested and excited to follow their arc because you can never be quite sure where they’ll be led or how they’ll change. Needless to say, the vast majority of great protagonists are not only dynamic, but also round.Round examples: Amy Dunne, Atticus Finch, Humbert Humbert, Randle McMurphy, Michael Corleone All the best characters are round ðŸÅ'Ž With this wide-ranging arsenal of character types at your disposal, your story might just be the stuff of legends (or bestseller lists). Now go put them to use - if you haven’t already!Which of these types do you have in your story? How do they overlap? Tell us in the comments below.

3 Most Common Reasons Women Have an Abortion

3 Most Common Reasons Women Have an Abortion For some, its an inconceivable act, but for others, abortion seems to be the only way out of an unplanned pregnancy and an impossible-to-negotiate future. Numbers show that nearly one in four U.S. women will choose to have an abortion before age 45. According to the Guttmacher Institute, a handful of studies over the years have indicated consistently similar answers from women who identify why theyve chosen to have an abortion. The top three reasons these women cite for not being able to continue their pregnancies and give birth are: Negative impact on the mothers lifeFinancial instabilityRelationship problems/unwillingness to be a single mother What is the rationale behind these reasons that would lead a woman to terminate a pregnancy? What are the challenges and situations women face that make giving birth and raising a newborn an impossible task?   Negative Impact on the Mothers Life Taken at face value, this reason may sound selfish. But a pregnancy that occurs in the wrong place at the wrong time can have a lifelong impact on a womans ability to raise a family and earn a living. Less than half of teens who become teen mothers before age 18 graduate from high school. College students who become pregnant and give birth are also much less likely to complete their education than their peers. Employed single women who become pregnant face an interruption of their jobs and careers. This impacts their earning ability and may make them unable to raise a child on their own. For women who already have other children at home or are caring for aging relatives, the reduction in income resulting from pregnancy and subsequent birth may bring them below the poverty level and require them to seek public assistance. Financial Instability Whether shes a student in high school, paying her way through college, or a single woman earning just enough to live independently, many expectant mothers lack the resources to cover the staggeringly high costs associated with pregnancy, birth, and childrearing, especially if they do not have health insurance. Saving for a baby is one thing, but an unplanned pregnancy places an enormous financial burden on a woman who cannot afford to care for an infant, let alone pay for the necessary OB/GYN visits that will ensure healthy fetal development. Lack of adequate medical care during pregnancy places the newborn at a higher risk for complications during birth and in early infancy. The cost of average hospital birth is approximate $8,000 and prenatal care provided by a physician can cost between $1,500 and $3,000. For the nearly 50 million Americans who do not have insurance, this would mean an out-of-pocket expense of $10,000. Thats if things go well and if its a single, healthy birth. Problems from pre-eclampsia to  premature birth  can send costs spiraling. If those births are included in the average, a birth can cost well over $50,000. According to a 2013 study published by advocacy group Childbirth Connection and reported in  The Guardian, the U.S. is the most expensive place in the world to have a birth.   That figure, coupled with the cost of raising a child from infancy through age 17 (estimated at over $200,000 per child), makes giving birth a terrifying proposition for someone who is still in school, or lacks a steady income, or simply does not have the financial resources to continue a pregnancy with adequate medical care and give birth to a healthy baby. Fear of Being a Single Mother The majority of women with unplanned pregnancies do not live with their partners or have committed relationships. These women realize that in all likelihood they will be raising their child as a single mother. Many are unwilling to take this big step due to the reasons described above: interruption of education or career, insufficient financial resources, or inability to care for an infant due to caregiving needs of other children or family members. Even in situations involving women cohabitating with their partners, the outlook for unmarried women as single mothers in discouraging. Among women in their 20s living with their partners at the time of birth, one-third ended their relationships within two years. Other Most Common Reasons for Abortion Although these are not the primary reasons women choose abortion, the following statements reflect concerns that play a role in influencing women to terminate their pregnancies: I dont want more children or Im done with childrearing.Im not ready to become a mother or not ready for another child.I dont want others to know about my pregnancy or that Im having sex.My husband/partner wants me to have an abortion.There are problems with the health of the fetus.There are problems with my own health.My parents want me to have an abortion. Combined with those reasons previously cited, these secondary concerns often convince women that abortion - albeit a difficult and painful choice - is the best decision for them at this time in their lives. Reasons for Abortion, the Statistics In a study released by the Guttmacher Institute in 2005, women were asked to provide reasons why they chose to have an abortion. Multiple responses were permissible. Of those who gave at least one reason: 89 percent gave at least two72 percent gave at least three Nearly three-quarters said they could not afford to have a baby. Of those women who gave two or more answers, the most common response - inability to afford a baby - was most frequently followed by one of three other reasons: pregnancy/birth/baby would interfere with school or employment.reluctant to be a single mother or experiencing relationship problems.done with childbearing or already have other children/dependents. Women specified these reasons that led to their abortion decision  (percentage total will not add up to 100, as multiple answers were permissible): 74 percent felt having a baby would dramatically change my life (which includes interrupting education, interfering with job and career, and/or concern over other children or dependents).73 percent felt they cant afford a baby now (due to various reasons such as being unmarried, being a student, inability to afford childcare or basic needs of life, etc.).48 percent dont want to be a single mother or [were] having relationship problem[s].38 percent have completed [their] childbearing.32 percent were not ready for a(nother) child.25 percent dont want people to know I had sex or got pregnant.22 percent dont feel mature enough to raise a(nother) child.14 percent felt their husband or partner wants me to have an abortion.13 percent said there were possible problems affecting the health of the fetus.12 percent said there were physical problems with my health.6 percent felt their parents want me to have an abortion.1 percent said they were a victim of rape.0.5 percent became pregnant as a r esult of incest. Sources Finer, Lawrence B. Reasons U.S. Women Have Abortions: Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives., Lori F. Frohwirth, Lindsay A. Dauphinee, et al., Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 37(3):110–118, The Guttmacher Institute, 2005. Glenza, Jessica. Why does it cost $32,093 just to give birth in America? The Guardian, January 16, 2018. Jones, Rachel K. Population Group Abortion Rates and Lifetime Incidence of Abortion: United States, 2008–2014. Jenna Jerman, The Guttmacher Institute, October 19, 2017. Wind, Rebecca. Why Do Women Have Abortions? The Guttmacher Institute, September 6, 2005.

According to science these are techniques on how to be happier at work

According to science these are techniques on how to be happier at work Being happy at work is important; it is the place where you spend 40+ hours weekly. Your happiness is usually reflected in the work you produce and your overall attitude. Happy workers  tend to be more productive than unhappy workers. We understand you’re not going to be in the best mood every day, especially if you are working a lot of overtime and feel under appreciated. But with these techniques, you can have a higher job satisfaction and be happier at work.  Source [NetCredit]

Crime is the result of individuals making choices to commit crime; it Essay

Crime is the result of individuals making choices to commit crime; it is not the result of their social circumstances. Discuss this statement - Essay Example Due to these involvements with other criminals, the individuals view crime as desirable – something that can be used appropriately in social situations (Akers, 1998). Other people make them think that crime is something that can be condoned, and so they do it on their own, as they see it fit into their own lives. When it comes to teenagers, they learn how to engage in crime in the same way that they would learn how to conform to the needs of society (Matza & Sykes, 1961), despite that crime is not socially condoned. There are three mechanisms by which a person learns crime from others: differential reinforcement, beliefs, and modeling. The differential reinforcements are the rewards or punishments that a person gets from committing a criminal act. If a criminal is not caught, they are unable to be punished – they have only seen the reward to what they do. If they are caught and are punished, they can be conditioned to see that crime is a negative thing and is not condoned by society. A criminal might use their own mindset of beliefs on criminology to help others to see that what they are doing is not wrong. They try to get others to see things from their point of view. When modeling criminal activity, an individual does what might have been done to them: they influence others. The control theory focuses on the conformity that an individual goes through that may cause them to engage in criminal acts. Many sociologists wish to find out why people involve themselves in crime, while others want to know why people conform to begin with. Once again, we are back to the powers of influence and modeling. The control theory has to do with how much restraint a person is willing to put on him or herself to avoid partaking in criminal acts. Once a person gives in to conformity, they are no longer following their own unique rules about how to go about life and keeping to their morals. The labeling theory states that once a person is labeled a criminal, and

Proposal assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Proposal assignment - Essay Example Audience: The audience of this study is government officials and policy makers. The study will help policy makers while making decisions regarding climate change, global warming and Law of the Sea. The decisions taken by the government officials regarding the future of arctic will have implications for humanity. If they decide to protect the arctic environment, that would be sustainable. If they decide to exploit arctic by using ice breakers etc, the consequences are unpredictable. Contents Introduction 4 Statement of the Problem 7 Research Questions 7 Hypothesis 8 Objectives 8 Audience 8 Introduction Climate change has brought global focus on arctic. The ice in the arctic is melting. If the present trend continues, Arctic Ocean would be ice-free by 2050. The arctic is the region around earth’s North Pole, opposite of Antarctica. The arctic circle includes arctic ocean and parts of Canada, Greenland (a territory of Denmark), Russia, the United States (Alaska), Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland. Among these eight countries in the Arctic Circle, five are arctic coastal states- United States (Alaska), Canada, Russia, Norway and Denmark (Greenland). The Arctic Ocean is covered with ice and is surrounded by treeless permafrost. The sea ice in the arctic has declined very much in recent years. ` The recording of extent of ice in arctic began in 1953. Since then, the extent of the summer sea ice has been declining. The extent of ice was the lowest in 2007, the second lowest in 2008, and the third lowest in 2010. . Currently, the snow cover in the Arctic is present for about 200 days per year. A decrease in the duration of the snow season results in increased warming. Between 1970 and 2000, there was a decrease in duration of the snow season by approximately 2.5 days per decade. From the commercial point of view, it is a new opportunity as exploration of the arctic has become easy now. Estimates show that Arctic can contain about 20 per cent of world's reserve s of hydrocarbons. Most of these resources happen to be in the Russian part of the arctic. New trade routes linking the Atlantic and the Pacific via arctic instead of Panama Canal has become a possibility now. So, there began a geopolitical competition in the region to gain control over transport routes and natural resources. All these have increased the strategic importance of arctic region. Countries bordering arctic are also in the process of preparing territorial claims for submission to the Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf. Russia claims a large portion of arctic. The Arctic is highly vulnerable to the effects of global warming. There is greater warming in the Arctic than global average. Because of this, there are concerns that the melting of ice in Arctic could result in rise in sea levels. The current Arctic ice melt might also lead to Arctic methane release. Large amount of methane is stored in the permafrost. Methane is a greenhouse gas and is more dangerous th an carbon dioxide. Scientists are not sure whether this is natural cycle or manmade. Apart from concerns regarding the negative impact of warming in the Arctic, some potential opportunities have come up. Since the middle ages, world’s maritime powers looked for a shorter route between Atlantic and Asia. The melting of ice opens up the possibility of two trans arctic routes- The Northern Sea route and the Northwest passage. The new routes will reduce distances between Europe and Asia. It will also provide

Review of ( Things Fall Apart) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review of ( Things Fall Apart) - Essay Example The missionaries affected this unity by drawing away the members of the society who were not perceived as being important by the Umuofia society. These men embraced the religion that taught them that they were as important as any other members of the society. Even though this change benefited the few who accepted the new religion, it also exposed the society to the possibility of being exploited by the missionaries. Okonkwo was richer than his father, Unoka, ever was. Okonkwo hated what he perceived to be weakness in his father. He probably felt that his father had not been able to acquire riches and standing in the community because of being weak or ‘feminine’. In Igbo society, the rich were feted but the poor were mostly disregarded and looked down upon. The poor had different false accusations put on them and it would appear that they were often the scapegoats of the community whenever unexplainable things took place. In the book, Okonkwo, who had â€Å"three wives, a barn full of yams, and two titles† was respected (Achebe, 18). However, his poor father was not even accorded a decent burial but carried to the forest to be eaten by wild animals. Culture is not usually static but dynamic. Do you agree? Where would you place the Igbo culture? In your opinion, do you think that traditional practices such as the killing of twins would have withered away over time without the intervention of Europeans? Analyze this with specific examples from the novel. Culture is always dynamic. The Igbo culture experienced its most challenging period with the coming of the White man. While the society’s respect of masculinity might give an impression of it being strong, it crumbled without the community members even staging a small war to chase away the missionaries. The Igbo community began a slow collapse because it had false foundations and actively destroyed the lives of all citizens who were not male and ruthless. It

Student Performance Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Student Performance Analysis - Essay Example without these plans an organization cannot establish any goals, or have the ability to monitor their goals, which in turn enables them to improve the future not just of the schools but also of every student and member of staff within them. In developing these strategies care must be taken to ensure that the plan, the financial provision, the academic criterion and standard of teaching are realistic and assessable (WINSS, 2008). The Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPSa), in Rockville, Maryland have developed their strategic plan for the schools in their district along these lines. MCPS (2008b) have developed their financial resources plan to provide effective business services which provide efficient running of the schools. These are seen as vital for the educational accomplishments of the students. They have involved a larger parental and community support in their planning and budgeting, and in their outreach and partnerships. The business services either meet or go above the requirements of the schools, and they have implemented an arrangement to employ, support and keep hold of highly qualified teachers and other staff members. The financial resources invested each year has increased from 2002 when the budgeted costs for ‘all strategic functions’ at $1.10 per square foot, in 2007 it was $1.22 per square foot (MCPS, 2008b). The human resources that the plan endeavors to produce are equally successful. MCPS (2008) main criteria in these area of resource is to develop and reinforce dynamic partnerships for the education of the students. They also support the relationship from the outside community and their participation in the school to encourage success. Continuous professional training has been implemented; the staff are now offered more support and mentoring has been put into practice for all staff. The plan has enabled the schools to train 138 more staff in leadership training in 2007, than it did in 2002 (MCPSa, 2008). Furthermore, MCPS

Mission Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mission Statement - Essay Example My aim is to be recognized as a respected clinical psychologist in my profession life. I would like to have specialization in the following sub-fields; child/adult mental health, emotional disturbances, substance abuse, health psychology and LGBT issues. Along with these specializations, I am also very keen to contribute my efforts in physiological researches. I have been a subject during the physiological researches carried on Temple University but now I am firm to reverse the process and to be counted in those who actually do the researches. I am very ambitious young woman and will try my best efforts to achieve each of aspirations mentioned here. Therefore I would like to gain a deeper theoretical knowledge in psychology and practical skills to evaluate and diagnose symptoms in a clinical context. I believe a University with a high reputation like Leiden University is the best place to achieve my career objectives. I hold a four-year Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology from Temp le University in Pennsylvania.

Db1 employee compensation and benefit Research Paper

Db1 employee compensation and benefit - Research Paper Example This was after concerns by labour groups and associations on the poor payments, working conditions, lack of adequate overtime payments and misuse of child labour. In addition, in 1994 the school to work opportunities act was introduced to the Fair Labour Standards Act. This act had more impact on those businesses that provided on the job training. The main rationale for this act was to provide on the site training and internship based on an agreement between the employer and the student. If any exemption was to be made from the Fair Labour Standards Act, the guidelines had to be followed. This guideline was to ensure the individual role was clearly defined as an intern and not an employee, hence was not entitled to the benefits that would have been in place if he or she was a permanent employee of the company or organization. The only expenses the employer incurred in this case were only those associated with the training. Moreover, the individual was not guaranteed a position after completion of the training. Through this, both parties benefited in that the student got the training and the employer benefited from work the student produced. The 1994 amendment also had in place guidelines whereby owners of small businesses whose annual revenue was below $500,000 were exempted from the FLSA, but did not for those who used interstate business calls or postal mails (Willis, 1997) In addition, it also stipulated that those employers covered by the act must pay a minimum wage rate of $4.25 per hour for the first 90 days of employment and the current wage thereafter to all the youth workers under the age of 20 years. The implication of the act was that every employer must meet all the criteria for exemption from the act guidelines without which he or she should comply with the acts working hour and wage guidelines (William,

Mission Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mission Statement - Essay Example My aim is to be recognized as a respected clinical psychologist in my profession life. I would like to have specialization in the following sub-fields; child/adult mental health, emotional disturbances, substance abuse, health psychology and LGBT issues. Along with these specializations, I am also very keen to contribute my efforts in physiological researches. I have been a subject during the physiological researches carried on Temple University but now I am firm to reverse the process and to be counted in those who actually do the researches. I am very ambitious young woman and will try my best efforts to achieve each of aspirations mentioned here. Therefore I would like to gain a deeper theoretical knowledge in psychology and practical skills to evaluate and diagnose symptoms in a clinical context. I believe a University with a high reputation like Leiden University is the best place to achieve my career objectives. I hold a four-year Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology from Temp le University in Pennsylvania.

Leadership Essay Introduction Essay Example for Free

Leadership Essay Introduction Essay Perhaps none of you are lucky enough to be a leader and fight for animal rights or other beliefs, but every year colleges and universities require students to write a leadership essay. Its goal is to identify and evaluate your potential leadership qualities. One of the best ways to cope with the task is to list the characteristics that successful politicians or opinion leaders have. And then demonstrate their presence in your case by an example of specific life situations. This is the main difference between the leadership essays and similar ones. Instead of analyzing literary works or their authors, you need to focus on your own personality. The leader is not always associated with the commander or the strong-willed warlord. An effective guide could be strong and weak, learn and teach simultaneously. The leadership category offers a lot of qualities, the presence of which plays a great role in the life of each person. We are talking about empathy, dedication, sincerity, consistency, altruism, responsibility, self-development, influence, the ability to teach. The essential part of leadership paper outline consists of describing the bright moments of your life to substantiate the stated thesis. Examples should not be abstract and contain pathos reflections. It is better to resort to the specifics and show in which cases you showed courage, intelligence or organizational skills. It is the details that increase the confidence in the content of the text. The personal nature of the essay on leadership makes it possible to use anecdotes as arguments. Each new quality must begin with a new paragraph while keeping in touch with the previous text using transitional phrases. This will help make the essay easily readable to the audience. You also could use the information collected earlier from various sources. When writing a leadership essay, the following necessary components should be considered. First of all, to compose an idea of ​​the phenomenon of leadership, use online resources or biographical stories. They will not only clarify the concept but will also lead to good ideas. Do not confuse the leadership essays with the heroic epic. You need attention to yourself, but not to other people. At the same time, it is necessary to avoid fantasies and blatant lies. Remain as honest as possible to make your work realistic, and look like a fairy tale. To achieve this, shun qualities that are not inherent in you. The use of the method of brainstorming will help determine the required skills. Remember the situation where you were given a great responsibility, for instance, a project, a sports team or the main role in the play. In general, any experience of cooperation can be presented in the context of leadership. Once you have decided on the field of research, it is significant to develop an essay scheme. Thus, a successful completing of a leadership essay depends on the depth of understanding of this concept, your honesty and life experience. Also, remember that real effective leaders have a unique vision of things. Use this quality to present yourself in a favorable light.

Common Barriers to Communication

Common Barriers to Communication There are many barriers that occur every single day that cause ineffective communication. Not many people are aware of these barriers. Studies have shown that not everyone is aware of their behavior when speaking or listening. Habits are hard to kick but it is not impossible. Some of these barriers can be avoided, some cannot, but that does not mean that there is no solution for it. Without putting the effort into avoiding some of these common communication barriers, miscommunications might occur. One should always be sincere when holding a conversation with someone therefore, these are some of the common communication barriers one should take note of. One of the most common communication barriers is language. Not everyone’s first language is the same, so trying to bring a message across could be difficult. It would of course be easier if both parties could speak the same language but if otherwise, then there could be other solutions for the problem. For example, during intern ational business meetings, they could hire a translator. Another alternative would be to make the effort to learn a bit of the other party’s language to show sincerity in wanting to understand them better, and to avoid language barriers. Another scenario would be if a customer is not local and does not speak the native language, then we could try to find other ways to understand them. Most people have five senses, and if we don’t understand them, we could try other senses like seeing, which would mean, to ‘act’ it out for them. These could be some of the ways to communicate with someone who does not speak the same language as us. â€Å"However, even when communicating in the same language, the terminology used in a message may act as a barrier if it is not fully understood by the receiver(s). For example, a message that includes a lot of specialist jargon and abbreviations will not be understood by a receiver who is not familiar with the terminology used. †(http://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/barriers-communication.html#ixzz2x2ZuJjfh) Another common communication barrier is having poor listening skills. â€Å"We retain only about 50 percent of a ten-minute oral presentation immediately after we hear it, and about 25 percent of the same message after 48 hours† (Day Rasberry, 1980, Page 43) Some barriers that could cause poor listening skills are, â€Å"laziness, disinterest, closed-mindedness, insincerity, boredom, etc.† (S. Golen, 1990 Page 25 to 35) and also, â€Å"Sometimes a listener and speaker experience communication problems due to effects of the thinking-speaking time differential. This differential results from the fact that the average person talks at a rate of about 125 words per minute, while a listener can process information at approximately 450 words per minute.† (Nixon West, 1989) Because of this, we have time to think about other things and therefore get distracted and are not focused on wha t the speaker has to say. In some cases, there are people who often interrupt when someone is talking. â€Å"Interruptions are usually the result of a listener’s ego involvement or impatience with the speaker or the topic.† (Deborah Q. Gaut Eileen M. Perrigo, 1998 Page 40) A reason behind this could be that the interrupter feels more knowledgeable and feels the need to correct others when he or she feels that the other party is wrong. Another reason could be that the interrupter feels comfortable with the person he or she is talking to and thinks that it is okay to do so. Some of the characteristics of poor listeners are impatience, lack of direct eye contact, constant fidgeting, etc. Body language is very important and is a key strategy to read a person. An example would be, the listener keeps looking at the time, keeps fiddling with things or does not look at the speaker in the eyes. This would give the speaker the impression that whatever he or she has to say is no t important and it would also be showing that the listener is not showing any respect towards the speaker. There are also, cultural barriers. Different people have different beliefs and not everyone is knowledgeable of other cultures. Several barriers to intercultural communication have been identified, like â€Å"linguistic, physical, perceptual, experiential, verbal, etc† (Bell, 1992 ; Treece Kleen, 1997) There is also an â€Å"Important but not often recognized or visible barrier to intercultural communication: that of stress. Stress often accompanies communication between people of different cultural backgrounds because of the high degree of uncertainty, unfamiliarity and threat involved in the process.† (Pedersen and Pedersen, 1985) It is because of the short period of time you have with that certain person of a different culture to talk or discuss about something, which creates a high level of pressure to want to leave a good impression especially if it is about business or working together. Sometimes both parties could be speaking the same language but because of cultural differences, it could be hard to understand it in their accent so it would be extremely embarrassing for him or her to repeat several times just for the other person to try and understand the message that the speaker is trying to put across. A stereotype is defined as A conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image (www.dictonary.com) It is common to be misunderstood by other people but it can also be very frustrating. †When an individual has a preconception about another individual, it makes it difficult for the individual not to view the other individuals communication with prejudice.† (http://www.studymode.com/essays/Barriers-To-Effective-Communication-77841.html) There are so many types of stereotypes. For example, â€Å"Someone working in an insubordinate position might be deemed to be uneducated with little to offer, when in fact, this is not true and employers can lose out on valuable opportunities by not communicating with them, and including those in the lower-level positions in the creative process.† (http://www.ehow.com/facts_6832310_stereotyping-affect-communication-work_.html#ixzz2x3RPpVd9) In addition, there are also gender stereotypes. â€Å"Gender roles typi cally call for men to be the more authoritative, in-control worker, with women as more emotional. This stereotype can adversely affect a womans role in the workplace, especially in senior management positions. Gender stereotypes prevent those with true, leadership and management capabilities from getting ahead. This adversely affects both the women and men in the workplace and their ability to communicate for the better of the company.† (http://www.ehow.com/facts_6832310_stereotyping-affect-communication-work_.html#ixzz2x3akKCJu) â€Å"Stereotypes based on race and ethnicity is not only morally wrong, but legally wrong as well, and can alienate employees. If employees are not communicating based on preconceived notions, they are not engaged in the same goals for the company and this will ultimately reflect in the companys failures.† (http://www.ehow.com/facts_6832310_stereotyping-affect-communication-work_.html#ixzz2x3bmP1xG) Everyone has been stereotyped by someone and /or has stereotyped someone before. It is one of the greatest communication barriers but yet it cannot be helped sometimes. It paints a picture of someone or something that may or may not be true, and instantly causes judgments without having to get to know the person, which is unfair. There are other barriers like noise that affect effective communications. Noise could affect our hearing and we may not understand the message the speaker was trying to put across. That way, misunderstanding could occur. Especially if someone wanted instructions to be carried out but the person who is supposed to execute it, heard it differently. â€Å"For instance, you may assume that because people are nodding while you speak, they understand and agree with what you are saying. Similarly, if you invite questions about your message and get none, it would be easy to assume therearenone.The truth is, few people will risk the potential embarrassment of being the only one who doesn’t agree with or understand your message or doesn’t know what to ask. To assume they do would be a mistake.† (http://gwynteatro.wordpress.com/2011/11/20/4-barriers-to-effective-communication-what-to-do-about-them/) In some cases, assumptions could be accurate, but if it is not, then it cou ld lead to a communication breakdown. â€Å"We all use selective perception in composing and interpreting information† (Irene F. H. Wong and Michael D. Connor and Ulrike M. Murfett, 2006, Page 12) In conclusion, there are many barriers that cause ineffective communications. These are barriers that people should take into consideration in order to avoid misunderstandings and misjudgments. Being a good listener has its advantages. It helps us understand messages, instructions, etc better and understanding the message or instruction that is put across to us would help us perform better and/or meet customers’ expectations. But first of all, one must be willing to listen and be focused on the topic. A good listener should also respond appropriately. â€Å"Communication is two-way. A response is called for. It may be no more than applause – or even silence. But it is still a response, which will in turn be interpreted by the speaker.† (John Adair, 2009, Page 92 ) Being an effective speaker also has its advantages. When speaking, it has to be clear, simple, vivid and natural so that the message can be broad across clearly and that the listener understands. Overall, being a good listener and a good speaker affects effective communications. It works both ways.

Hydroelectric vs Nuclear Power Essays -- essays research papers

Together nuclear power plants and hydroelectric dams provide about 50% of the power generated for the United States doing so in a clean and efficient manner. Both systems have their ups and down, radiation and disrupting ecosystems for example, but their benefits far outweigh the small risks and problems they create. We have progressed in leaps and bounds in power development making these two much safer and efficient than most other ways to generate electricity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hydroelectric dams create a substantial amount of efficient clean power using a renewable resource. Because water is used to generate the power there are no emissions of greenhouse gases to pollute the environment. Running out of water is also not a problem seeing as we would have much bigger problems on our hands if such a thing happened. Dams also do good for the community as well, creating recreational areas, providing a tourist attraction, and controlling flooding. Hydroelectric dams are also not very complex often going years without needing repairs, and if they do the parts are all simple and can be replaced at low cost and quickly. There are so many positives to the dams that it is very easy to look overt the small amount of negative effects they have on us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though hydroelectric dams have many positive effects on society there are some problems that come with it as well. Tough hydroelectric dams seem to be environmentally friendly, they can gravely ... Hydroelectric vs Nuclear Power Essays -- essays research papers Together nuclear power plants and hydroelectric dams provide about 50% of the power generated for the United States doing so in a clean and efficient manner. Both systems have their ups and down, radiation and disrupting ecosystems for example, but their benefits far outweigh the small risks and problems they create. We have progressed in leaps and bounds in power development making these two much safer and efficient than most other ways to generate electricity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hydroelectric dams create a substantial amount of efficient clean power using a renewable resource. Because water is used to generate the power there are no emissions of greenhouse gases to pollute the environment. Running out of water is also not a problem seeing as we would have much bigger problems on our hands if such a thing happened. Dams also do good for the community as well, creating recreational areas, providing a tourist attraction, and controlling flooding. Hydroelectric dams are also not very complex often going years without needing repairs, and if they do the parts are all simple and can be replaced at low cost and quickly. There are so many positives to the dams that it is very easy to look overt the small amount of negative effects they have on us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though hydroelectric dams have many positive effects on society there are some problems that come with it as well. Tough hydroelectric dams seem to be environmentally friendly, they can gravely ...

The Deductive Problem of Evil Essays -- Philosophy essays

The Deductive Problem of Evil      Ã‚   One of the major philosophical debates concerning God's existence involves the problem of evil.   The problem has two basic formulations, one is deductive, the other inductive.   The deductive form of the problem asks the following:   Is the existence of evil logically compatible with a necessarily benevolent and necessarily omnipotent being?   One of the philosophers who discusses the problem is Richard Gale.   I will begin this essay by outlining the deductive problem of evil according to Gale.   I will then try to refute the deductive argument and prove that the existence of evil is indeed logically compatible with a benevolent and omnipotent being.   A conclusion will then follow. The deductive argument has been around since the time of Epicurus.1  Ã‚   In its simplest form, the problem is stated as follows: 1. God is omnipotent 2. God is wholly good 3. Evil exists Proponents of the argument believe the set of propositions is logically inconsistent, i.e. that at least one proposition must be false.   This basic formulation is problematic.   It presupposes two important things:   First, that God and evil are logically incompatible; and second, that God's omnipotence is unlimited.   It is obvious, then, that some additional premises are needed if the argument is to succeed.   W.L. Mackie was one of the first philosophers to provide these additional premises.2   He adds the following premises to the set: 4. A wholly good (omni-benevolent) being eliminates and prevents every evil he can.3 5. There are no limits to what an omnipotent being can do. With the insertion of these revised principles, Mackie hopes to deduce a contradiction, namely that evil does not exist (from 1,... ...Ibid.   P. 103 8 Some philosophers have referred to this idea as the Condition of Reasonable Epistemic Access (COREA) Works Consulted: Christlieb, Terry. "Which Theisms Face an Evidential Problem of Evil?" Faith and Philosophy 9 (January 1992): 45-64. Griffin, David. Evil Revisited: Responses and Reconsiderations. Albany: SUNY Press, 1991. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   - -. God, Power and Evil: A Process Theodicy. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1976. Plantinga, Alvin. "Epistemic Probability and Evil." Archivio di Filosophia 56 (1988). - - -. "The Probabilistic Argument from Evil." Philosophical Studies 35 (January 1979): 1-53. Reichenbach, Bruce. "Natural Evils and Natural Laws: A Theodicy for Natural Evils." International Philosophical Quarterly 16 (June, 1976): 179-88. Rowe, William L. "Ruminations About Evil," Philosophical Perspectives 5 (1991). The Deductive Problem of Evil Essays -- Philosophy essays The Deductive Problem of Evil      Ã‚   One of the major philosophical debates concerning God's existence involves the problem of evil.   The problem has two basic formulations, one is deductive, the other inductive.   The deductive form of the problem asks the following:   Is the existence of evil logically compatible with a necessarily benevolent and necessarily omnipotent being?   One of the philosophers who discusses the problem is Richard Gale.   I will begin this essay by outlining the deductive problem of evil according to Gale.   I will then try to refute the deductive argument and prove that the existence of evil is indeed logically compatible with a benevolent and omnipotent being.   A conclusion will then follow. The deductive argument has been around since the time of Epicurus.1  Ã‚   In its simplest form, the problem is stated as follows: 1. God is omnipotent 2. God is wholly good 3. Evil exists Proponents of the argument believe the set of propositions is logically inconsistent, i.e. that at least one proposition must be false.   This basic formulation is problematic.   It presupposes two important things:   First, that God and evil are logically incompatible; and second, that God's omnipotence is unlimited.   It is obvious, then, that some additional premises are needed if the argument is to succeed.   W.L. Mackie was one of the first philosophers to provide these additional premises.2   He adds the following premises to the set: 4. A wholly good (omni-benevolent) being eliminates and prevents every evil he can.3 5. There are no limits to what an omnipotent being can do. With the insertion of these revised principles, Mackie hopes to deduce a contradiction, namely that evil does not exist (from 1,... ...Ibid.   P. 103 8 Some philosophers have referred to this idea as the Condition of Reasonable Epistemic Access (COREA) Works Consulted: Christlieb, Terry. "Which Theisms Face an Evidential Problem of Evil?" Faith and Philosophy 9 (January 1992): 45-64. Griffin, David. Evil Revisited: Responses and Reconsiderations. Albany: SUNY Press, 1991. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   - -. God, Power and Evil: A Process Theodicy. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1976. Plantinga, Alvin. "Epistemic Probability and Evil." Archivio di Filosophia 56 (1988). - - -. "The Probabilistic Argument from Evil." Philosophical Studies 35 (January 1979): 1-53. Reichenbach, Bruce. "Natural Evils and Natural Laws: A Theodicy for Natural Evils." International Philosophical Quarterly 16 (June, 1976): 179-88. Rowe, William L. "Ruminations About Evil," Philosophical Perspectives 5 (1991).

BlackBerry Mobiles Technology and Usage Essay

This paper is about BlackBerry mobiles technology and usage. Technology can be defined as a way of knowledge that shows ways and means of producing goods and services. It is also defined a process of applying the knowledge to meet the needs of the market. Sometimes it so happens that individuals mix up the concept of technology and engineering. Engineering is a goal oriented process which means that it makes and designs tools and systems for practical human use and means. Whereas technology is a consequence of engineering, which means that the engineers use the information that already exists to make new tools and designs. Black Berry is a wireless handle device, by that it means is that, BlackBerry is a PDA smart phone. PDAs contain fast processors and software that recognizes and digitizes handwriting, hand printing and hand drawings. They have pressure sensitive layer like graphics pad under their slate – like liquid crystal display (LCD) screen. So instead of writing on a piece of paper form fastened to a clipboard or using a keyboard device, you use a pen to make a selection or selections like send an e-mail and enter hand written data directly into a computer. This paper is going to explain in detail the technology that is used in the mobile and that how does this technology works. This paper is going to explain in detail the benefits and the limitations of the technology along with the costs of this technology. This paper is divided into six parts, they are as follows:- †¢ Introduction †¢ Methodology †¢ Benefits of the technology †¢ Limitation of the technology †¢ Cost of the technology †¢ Conclusion Introduction: BlackBerry is mostly known for its sending and receiving electronic mails, where ever it can intercept a wireless network of a cell phone carrier. As we know that BlackBerry is a hand held device, the mobile is also wireless. BlackBerry was introduced in the industry as a two – way pager in the year 1999. In 2002 the smart phone commonly known as the BlackBerry was released in the market, this mobile phone is supported by features like push e-mail i. e. sending and receiving e-mails around the globe, mobile telephone for making calls, text messaging, internet faxing, web browsing and as well as other wireless based information service. The mobile is the best example of a convergent device because it has a multi – touch interface and it easy to use as well. A survey was conducted in 2008 and it was found that the BlackBerry mobile phone is being used by approximately 21 million people around the globe. (BlackBerry, 2009) BlackBerry was introduced in the market by a Canadian company called Research in Motion (RIM), the phone became such a success due to its e-mail sending and receiving option. The company also provides BlackBerry e-mail service; this can be done through the BlackBerry Connect software, to those devices which are not related to the BlackBerry mobile for example, the Palm Treo. There are different models of BlackBerry mobile phones that have been introduced in the market, some of them are as follows:- †¢ Early Pager Models: 850, 857, 950, 957 †¢ Monochrome Java-based Models: 5000-series and 6000-series †¢ First Color Models: 7200-series, 7500-series and 7700-series †¢ First Sure Type Phone Models: 7100-series †¢ Modern BlackBerry Models (2006 – 2008): 8000-series including BlackBerry 8800. BlackBerry Pearl and BlackBerry Curve †¢ Latest BlackBerry Models (2008 – 2009): Bold (9000), BlackBerry 8220, BlackBerry Curve 8900, Storm (9500/9530) (BlackBerry, 2009) Methodology: BlackBerry Operating System (OS): The most important system software for any technological device is the operating system (OS). An operating system is the combination of different programs that manage and control the operation of the CPU; it also controls the input and the output along with storage and let’s not forgets the activities of the device and lastly it also provides different support services and the device performs the application programs for the user. The important activity of the operating system is to maximize the productivity of the device by operating in the most efficient manner. And it must be remembered that the operating system reduces the amount of human intervention that is required in the actual processing. The operating system helps the device like BlackBerry perform basic operations like entering data, saving and retrieving files, accessing a network or even displaying output of the screen. As it is a known fact that the operating systems are considered to be the most indispensible components of the software interface between the users and the hardware of their device systems. (Mihale, 2009) The operating system of any device actually performs five basic functions in the operations of a device. These functions are as follows; providing a user interface, resource management, task management, file management and utilities and support service. BlackBerry operating system is considered to be a platform of proprietary software, which was introduced in the cellular phone industry and market by the Canadian company called Research In Motion (RIM) for their product the BlackBerry, which as we know is a hand held device which comes in handy for individuals who are in the line of business. The software allows the users to do multi – tasking with the help of the phone, and the software also uses a great deal of input devices like the thumbwheel in the cellular phone. The operating system of the phone provides a great deal of support to Mobile Information Device Profile (in our case especially to MIDP1. 0) and as well to Wireless Application Protocol (especially to WAP1. 2 as well). The last versions of the BlackBerry made sure that there was a wireless synchronization between Microsoft Exchange Server’s e-mail and calendar and along with the Lotus Domino’s e-mail as well. OS 4 is being used these days in the BlackBerry which provides a subset of MIDP 2. 0 to the users of the phone, and the OS 4 makes sure that there is wireless activation and synchronization completely between the Microsoft Exchange Server’s e-mail, calendar, tasks, notes and contacts, and the OS 4 also supports the Novell GroupWise and Lotus Notes additionally as well. (Hoffman, 2007) Software can be written using the APIs by the third – party software, when creating and developing the proprietary software of the BlackBerry the developers can write the software using APIs as well. When doing so the developer must remember that the any kind of an application can create a certain number of restricted functionality when using the software, therefore it must be signed digitally by the developer and that it can be associated with the developer account at Research In Motion (RIM) Company in the future. Another that must be kept in the mind of the developer that the authorship of the software can provide guarantee but it does not provide guarantee for security or the quality of the code. (Mihale, 2009) Central Processing Unit (CPU): Central processing unit (CPU) is the main processing component of a device that is it is the main microprocessor. When talking about it conceptually, the circuitry of a central processing unit can be divided into two major units, i. e. the arithmetic logic unit and the control unit. It is the electronic circuits which are also commonly known as the registers of the arithmetic logic unit, that performs the arithmetic and logical functions which are needed by the software to execute the different software instruction. The previous models of the BlackBerry devices were based on processors called the Intel – 80386 processors. The latest series of BlackBerry’s, which are called the BlackBerry 9000 series, are based on the microprocessors called the Intel XScale 624MHz CPU. The Intel XScale 624MHz CPU makes the BlackBerry the fastest device in today’s time and age. The smart phones of the previous editions of the BlackBerry 8000 series, for example, the 8700 and the Pearl were based on the processors called the 312MHz ARM XScale and ARMv5TE PXA900. But the BlackBerry 8707 was an exception because this phone used the processor bases on the 80MHz Qualcomm 3250 chipset; that is this processor is not supporting the 3G networks and this was all due to the processor of the ARM XScale ARMv5TE PXA900. The 80MHz Processor in the BlackBerry 8707 created a series of problems like the speed of downloading (which had become slow) and it also rendered the web pages that were over 3G rather than over EDGE networks. Database: The database management approach affects the storage and processing of data. IPD is the database in the BlackBerry in a specific format, which helps to extract data from the BlackBerry to host a personal computer. The IPD format is used in BlackBerry to deal with the bulk load of data, it the most effective and efficient way of transferring the data into a device may it be the BlackBerry or a computer. With the help of the IPD format the end user can create a file programmatically, which can then be used by the desktop manager of the BlackBerry to restore the operations of the cellular device. (BlackBerry, 2009) Supporting Software – BlackBerry Enterprise Server (BES): With the help of BlackBerry Enterprise Server (BES), which is a software package, the devices can be joined with an individual’s organization’s e-mail system. There are different kinds of versions available for products like Microsoft Exchange and Lotus Domino etc. The end users of the BlackBerry might be able to use an e-mail service without BES installed by themselves in their devices but the different organizations that have multiple users, they need to have a BES installed in their network before hand if they need to communicate. It must be remembered by the users that every BlackBerry has an id called BlackBerry PIN within the device, which helps to identify the device to the BlackBerry Enterprise Server of the company. BES acts as a relay for the e-mail service for the corporate accounts that are used by the users so that they have an access to their inbox at anytime of the day. The software of the device keeps a check on the incoming messages, when a new message arrives at the individuals inbox it passes it through the RIM’s Network Operations Center (NOC), after passing it through the NOC the message is then given to the wireless provider of the user and the provider then deliver the message to the BlackBerry device of the user. This process is called the push e-mail, because all the incoming emails along with the users’ contacts and entries are pushed out of the device automatically. BlackBerry is now also supporting the polling email this is how it is supporting the POP. (Mihale, 2009) Trilateration is a new feature which is included in the newer models of the BlackBerry, this feature has the ability to track down the user’s current location, this feature is similar to a GPS but it does not have a clear and precise accuracy as yet due to long distances or the blockages caused by tall buildings or even mountains. TCP/IP connectivity is available to the BlackBerry devices with the help of BES. The BES provides this service with the help of an element called the Mobile Data Service (MDS), it uses the different platforms like Java ME or the Sun Microsystems. The BES also provides security to the BlackBerry device to protect it against viruses etc. The security is provided to all kinds of data in the form of Triple DES or AES, which is some sort of an encryption. As we know that the technology of the BlackBerry keeps on improving the use if MDS is no longer needed in the new models of the BlackBerry device for wireless data access as it was needed before. If we look back with the using of BlackBerry’s software OS 3. 8 or 4. 0, the phone was able to access the Internet without the help of an MDS. BES/MDS are still needed for the protection of data in the phone. (Mihale, 2009) Supported Software – BlackBerry Messenger: The BlackBerry device is now sending and receiving text messages with the help of the software of BlackBerry Messenger through the BlackBerry PIN. The PIN of the device is an eight character hexadecimal identification number, which is assigned to the BlackBerry once and it must be remembered that it cannot be changed. With the help of this the users are able to text to each other or access the internet. Benefits of BlackBerry: The benefits of the BlackBerry technology in the business or corporate environment are as follows:- †¢ The technology has helped with reducing the information processing costs, along with that it has help to reduce the loss of data i. e. for example, the elimination of unnecessary documents that are used in the business environment. And the data is always stored on flash ROM, even the e-mail drafts are written on the flash ROM as well. †¢ The technology has helped with the increase in the operational efficiency of the employees with the organizations that is for example, the employees not waste little lime, there is little waste etc. (Hoffman, 2007) †¢ The technology has improved the information availability, it has made it convenient for the employees to exchange information with each other quickly and efficiently, for example, the information has become accurate and timely, it reach the decision makers on time to make decisions. †¢ It is user friendly and it can be used by any individual, whether it is a teenager or an adult. It is so easy that anyone can teach themselves how to operate this device. †¢ The technology has helped to improve the business image, for example, it provides a very progressive image to the supplier along with the investors and customers. †¢ The device provides a longer battery life than other cellular devices, for example, an individual can run the messenger software for approximately 100 hours, and this can help the employees to stay in touch with each other. †¢ It provides the best security from all the other technological devices for example, if a BlackBerry is stolen, to access the phone requires cryptographic signing by RIM, before viewing the information in the phone. (Hoffman, 2007) †¢ Another benefit of a BlackBerry Technology is that an individual does not need to connect their BlackBerry to a computer so that it can synchronize itself, it can do it with the help of physically attached to a computer, because it operates on a wireless network. Limitation of BlackBerry: The limitations of the BlackBerry technology in the business or corporate environment are as follows:- †¢ The biggest disadvantage of BlackBerry device is that one individual cannot send an instant text message to another unless he or she doesn’t knew their PIN number or code which is assigned to the other device. This can create a hindrance for the employees when they want to exchange quick information with each other. †¢ Another limitation of technology is that, if an individual cannot use the BlackBerry messenger until or unless the person doesn’t have BlackBerry internet plan with them. This finishes of the chance of exchanging quick information from one individual to another. (Hoffman, 2007) †¢ The challenge of working with devices like BlackBerry is the need for speed, sometimes it so happens that the speed of the device is slow, it will create a problem for the employees of the company, because you need a great deal of speed to transfer large amount of information over the wireless network, which in return causes the employees to waste their time and it also becomes costly as well.

Hamlet’s Oedipal Complex

Hamlet's Oedipal Complex In William Shakespeare's, Hamlet, the Oedipus complex plays a critical role in the affairs of the young prince. Sigmund Freud's theory states that it is normal for children to have sexual desires for their parent of the opposite sex. He says that it is also normal to have feelings of hatred for the other parent that is of the same sex as the child. Most children experience these feelings at a very young age, after which the feelings  are overcome or in some individuals become deeply suppressed. Those that carry on these feelings into adulthood are considered to have an Oedipus complex.These feelings, in some cases, are linked to a physical separation between father and son. This leads the child into a paradoxical state of masculinity, wherein the child spends much of his time solely with the mother, and yet a sense of guilt or femininity, because the mother is significantly older. This sense of guilt and femininity also prevents Hamlet from identifying with women their own age, a societal norm. Furthermore, Hamlet's Oedipal feelings have been buried within him since his childhood. These feelings were hidden during the life of Hamlet, Sr. because the two had a strong connection.However, the death of King Hamlet and hasty marriage to Gertrude by Claudius sparked jealousy within Hamlet. He felt no connection to Claudius, nor felt guilty by having feelings for his mother. It was due to this event that Hamlet's latent Oedipal Complex took over. Although Freud outlined this complex almost 300 years after the publication of Hamlet, Shakespeare's characterizations in regards to the Oedipus complex cannot be refuted. The three main aspects including hatred of the father, intimate desires of the mother, and disconnection from the loving Ophelia show Hamlet's embodiment of the Oedipus complex.Hamlet's actions and mental health are affected by the presence of these Oedipal qualities. Freud had said that the son takes the mother as the object of h is desires. Because of this desire to be with Gertrude, a rivalry forms between Hamlet and Claudius. In the play, Hamlet shows great hostility towards Claudius because of his mother's hasty remarriage. This infuriates Hamlet as he begins to see murdering Claudius as a way of asserting masculine dominance and avenging his father. Once King Hamlet's ghost  tells Hamlet  that it wasClaudius who murdered him, Hamlet feels conflicted. Throughout the play, Hamlet struggles  internally over killing Claudius. It is something he wants to do, but is unable to carry out the task. Because of his Oedipus complex, Hamlet has wanted to kill his own father for at least 20 years, as outlined by Freud. Hamlet desperately wants to desperately forget the presence of his father and mother together, as illustrated in this excerpt in Act 1, Scene 2 from Hamlet. â€Å"Must I remember? Why she would hang on him, as if increase of appetite had grown† (William Shakespeare, 29).In using the word à ¢â‚¬Å"would† to show the past tense, Hamlet is referring the dependency of Gertrude upon King Hamlet, rather than Claudius. Shakespeare also is redundant with the phrase â€Å"increase of appetite had grown†. But Shakespeare is emphasizing the fact that Gertrude became increasingly voracious for King Hamlet's love, which further disturbed Hamlet. In essence, Hamlet feels weak because Claudius did what Hamlet could not. These feelings of inferiority, along with the Oedipus qualities, create feelings of guilt and repulsion towards Claudius. Hamlet becomes aware that he is no better than Claudius is.In murdering Claudius, Hamlet kills himself as well. Claudius has achieved Hamlet's Freudian ideal, killed his father, taken his place, and fulfilled his incestuous desire in winning over Gertrude. Hamlet is able to identify, and even sympathize with Claudius for having done what Hamlet only wished he could do. Hamlet and his mother's relationship is also shown as more intimate than the traditional mother-son relationship due to Hamlet's language regarding his mother his mother, as well as the rivalry toward Claudius for his Gertrude's attention.This suggests that Shakespeare also saw the behavioral characteristics of the oedipal complex in humanity that Freud did, explaining them through the relationship between Hamlet and Gertrude. In the word choice Hamlet uses when addressing Gertrude, he shows a discreet desire for his mother bordering on the sexual. In Gertrude's bedroom in Act 3, Scene 4, he addresses her with the following: â€Å"Nay, but to live in the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, stewed in corruption, honeying, and making love over the nasty sty! † (William Shakespeare, 175).The privacy and intimacy of the bedroom add a new dimension when the relationship between Hamlet and Gertrude is examined. Bedrooms are private, usually the setting for sexual activity. Shakespeare placed Hamlet and Gertrude in these quarters to suggest the aspects of Hamlet's sexual desires for his mother and allow Hamlet to express himself wholeheartedly to his mother. This obsession shows that Hamlet is suffering from an  Oedipus complex. The idea of Claudius engaging intimately with his mother brings out the incestuous feelings stirring within Hamlet.But Hamlet is also confused that, at Gertrude's age, she can't control her sexual desires. Hamlet worships Gertrude, he has high expectations of her, treats her as if she were a goddess. But yet, the fact that she cannot control her sexual desires makes Hamlet all the more intrigued. However, Hamlet is also ridden with jealousy in regards to her sexual activities with Claudius. Hamlet confronts Gertrude, accusing her of spending too much time â€Å"in the rank sweat of an enseamed bed†. The phrase â€Å"rank sweat† means thick or heavy sweat.Hamlet, by saying Gertrude lives in Claudius' bed, is jealous of their constant lovemaking, driving Hamlet to act rashly in killing Poloni us. In the Scene, Hamlet wished the person behind the curtain had been Claudius. He would have won over his mother and avenged the death of his father. Because of his feeling of inferiority, Hamlet feels he needs to establish himself as the powerful masculine figure by killing Claudius and becoming king of Denmark. However, his rash behavior and lashing out largely affects his mental state as well.Ophelia is the character most affected by Hamlet's Oedipal desires for Gertrude. Hamlet disgraces Ophelia, using her simply for sex and pleasure. She means very little to him as a human being. In Act 3, Scene 1 Hamlet orders her to â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery† (William Shakespeare, 131). Completely focused on his desires for Gertrude and murder of Claudius, Hamlet has no need for distractions such as Ophelia. Hamlet's relationship with Ophelia is completely abnormal. He solely uses Ophelia as a substitute for Gertrude.Ophelia's femininity draws Hamlet in, satisfying his lust for his mother and insecurities surrounding Claudius. He toys with Ophelia's affections, just as Gertrude toys with his. He uses Ophelia for pleasure to an extent, but rather uses her to challenge Gertrude. He wants Gertrude to feel threatened, jealous, or angry with Ophelia. Hamlet feels the need to torture Gertrude because he has been so tormented by her himself. Hamlet goes as far as to attempt to spark jealousy within Gertrude by sitting at Ophelia's feet rather than Gertrude's when she asks.Gertrude, in turn, expresses jealousy of Ophelia by refusing to speak to her following the incident. Alas, Hamlet's desires are never to be. When Gertrude dies, it frees Hamlet of his Oedipus complex. After her death, Hamlet had the strength, mentally, to carry out the wishes of King Hamlet's Ghost and kill Claudius, but without the prize he desired. Freud's Oedipus complex effectively explains Hamlet's melancholic state of pensiveness and inaction in killing Claudius. Hamlet was focused on the end result, realizing his desire for Gertrude. It was only after her death that he was free from himself.Hamlet killed Claudius quickly after Gertrude's death as an act of revenge. His Oedipal love for his mother pushed him to near insanity before her death. Hamlet's paradoxical relationship to Claudius is one of the Oedipal aspects that plays into the character of Hamlet. Although Claudius denies him of Gertrude, Hamlet cannot help but stand in awe of the fact that Claudius murdered King Hamlet, something Hamlet could never quite bring himself to do. Secondly, his use of language suggested an intimate relationship between Gertrude and Hamlet.And finally, the abuse of Ophelia gives an example of how the Oedipus complex affected Hamlet's mentality. He became abusive, confrontational, and obsessed with Gertrude, the woman he could not have. Hamlet was deeply altered by the presence of his Oedipal feelings toward his mother, which transformed changed him from a dedicated scholar to an obs essed lover. These three main aspects including hatred of the father, intimate desires of the mother, and disconnection from the loving Ophelia showed Hamlet's embodiment of the Oedipus complex.

Bringing a Change in Organizational Culture Essay

Critically explain why changing organisational culture is so difficult and how managers can do it. Culture can be defined as â€Å"a set of basic tacit assumptions about how the world is and ought to be that a group of people share and that determines their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and, to some degree, their overt behaviour† (Schein, 1996). Organizational culture is depend on differences in norms and shared values which are learned in workplace and to direct behaviour of members in the particular organisation. Cabrera, Cabrera& Barajas 2001) Organisational culture was built on its shared beliefs and values which was the guidance to solve problems. This essay will introduce the definition of organisational culture and explain why changing organisational culture is so difficult. The main reasons are the fear of uncertain future and difficult to establish the organisational culture. In addition, the essay is to interpret how managers can change organisational culture and how does it work. Managers can change organisational culture through communication and management strategies. This essay may introduce the detail about changing organisational culture. Most scholars think that changing organisational culture is difficult; however a few people think it is easy to change organisational culture. As Chu (2003) stated that organizational culture is contributed to change. In his opinion, organisational culture can collect different values and actions to form a frame to guide the behaviour of members within an organisation. In other words, organisational culture can shape what employees do in the company and control tendency of company. For example, a company may have employees who are unwilling to change and who are conductive to change, if managers recruit staff that are innovated and willing to change, they may be the new power to change organisational culture. Therefore, to form a â€Å"change† culture can make changing organisational culture easier. However, it is also difficult to establish an organisational culture. It is need to experience a long time and face lots of difficult and challenges. According to levels of cultural analysis (Wood 2004), it shows how difficult to form the organisational culture, especially the deepest level of cultural analysis: common assumption. Common assumptions are to collect truths that organisational employees shares as a result of their common experiences and that direct beliefs and behaviours. It is extremely hard to isolate these modes, but it is interpret why culture is full of organisational life. It is hard to shape common assumptions if members of the organisation do not experience same ups and downs or cooperate long time. As Ferrara-Love (1997) stated that organizational culture does not appear in a night. On the contrary, organisational culture evolves during the time, and is the collective beliefs of individuals who worked together. Therefore, it is hard to establish organisational culture, to say nothing of changing organisational culture. At the same time, it is debatable to recruit plenty employees when the company want to change organisational culture. The new power is unstable to the company. It is hard for managers to control the new employees and it still need to cost much time. To conclude, it is difficult to change organisational culture. Organisational culture plays an ineradicable role to different kinds of organisational behaviours and members within organisations. Thus, it is always failure if certain problems of organisational culture were not being considered. Moreover, if managers want to change organisational culture which focuses on shared values or beliefs, it will be more difficult; because on the deepest of organisational culture, it formed invisible and omnipresent old guard or power which makes organisational change failure. As Locus and Kline (2008) stated that organizations always appear â€Å"learning disability† and â€Å"defensive routines† which obstruct the learning and organizational change. It shows the strong of conservative power. When managers try to change the organizational culture, they always face opposition. What was worse, the conservative power always important to the organisation. They make huge contribution to the company, which used to promote the development of company. Therefore, they play an important role to organisation. It is difficult for managers to challenge their authority. Moreover, the reason people do not want to change is the nature of people. People are easy to be used to do one thing and do not want to accept new thing. They are afraid of the unknown thing after change. As Ferrara-Love (1997) stated that people are comfortable with exist ways to finish the work. In their opinion, change is just the threat to their peaceful. Thus, they do not want to change organisational culture and dispute to change. It is obvious that changing organisational culture is so difficult. Leadership is the key to change organisational culture. The achievements of an organisation mostly depend on the leadership of managers. As Fishman and Kavanaugh (1989) stated that the culture of an organization and how employees want to change was formed substantially by leader. For example, if managers uphold to change organisational culture steady and have enough ability to direct staff, it will achieve maximum results with little effort to change organisational culture. Thus, managers are the guidance of the company; they are main factor to change organisational culture. Clement (1994) also expounded that management leadership is basic factor in a major organisational change effort. From this, it can be seen that the importance of leadership in change organisational culture. However, it is hard to change managers. If managers are not satisfied with their employees, employees can be changed, but managers will not changed unless the company go bankrupt. Thus, the most difficult to change organisational culture is to change the mind of managers. For instance, if managers make no attempt to make progress and milk-toast, it will be the most resistance to change organisational change. For this reason, the best way to change is from up to bottom. At the same time, change the mind and ability of leader is the difficult demand for changing organisational culture. To change organisational culture, managers have lot of things to do it. The role of managers is very important through up down system. As Ott (1989) suggested that the leader can do lots of things included staff selection, socialization, removal of deviating members, cultural communication and role model to guide behaviour. For example, managers can choose employees who will support to change organisational culture. Although it will not change the situation directly, they can be the power push the step of changing organisational culture. In the same way, managers can fire part of staff who opposes to change. It is not only reducing resistance to change organisational culture, but also overawe the opponent to change their minds. Furthermore, managers need to be the role model to change organisational culture. The behaviour of managers can be the maximum power to guide behaviour of managers. For example, when managers try to change organisational culture but not to do anything to change it, employees will not follow managers with any anxiety. To sum up, it is important to be the role model of changing organisational culture for managers. Furthermore, communication is an important tool for managers to change organisational culture. According to Fry (2003), he examined that leadership as motivation to change; managers need to communicate with employees about their feelings. In other words, managers should get in touch with employees and let them know core values of changing organisational culture and the need of changing organisational culture. The employees may understand the determination of managers and why to change organisational culture. Then, they can have their decision about changing organisational culture. In this way, it can reduce the distance between managers and employees, and let employees think they are also the participants to change organisational culture, they are not insignificant. When employees think they are the part of changing organisational culture, they will follow managers and try their best to help managers. At the same time, managers communicate with employees also can understand what employees think about and then do well about interactive. In addition, it can reduce the fear of employees about unknown future. As Kanter, Stein and Jick (1992) stated that communication is basic tool within any change process and failure to change always because of the feeling uncertain and anxious about their future. Thus, communication is very significant for managers to change organizational culture. In addition, to help employees to change organisational culture, managers need to teach them related skills and knowledge to work differently. As Ke and Wei (2007) suggested that employees thought to learn skills and knowledge as their main responsibility. Thus, employees may accept skills and knowledge easier than accept directly new culture. When they understand how to do, it may easy for them to accept to change organisational culture. At the same time, it is also the good way to remove their fear to uncertain future. When they master relevant skills and knowledge, they will be confident to deal with change of organisational culture. In this way, they will not fight against to change organisational culture as before. Then they can be the power help to change organisational culture. The most important things to change organisational culture are to change origin perception and beliefs. According to the definition of organisational culture, if managers want to change organisational culture, they must change shared values. The same as Whitely (1995) said that, managers need to be able to help employees to remove the past values which are not consistent with current shared vision of future organizational arrangements. The shared values and beliefs are keys of the organisational culture. Thus, managers need to change origin values of employees to change organisational culture. For example, managers can change new uniform to show the new the new appearance of company. According to Wood (2006), managers can create processes, systems and ways of working that enable to put the new values into practice. The new values can take place of the past one. In addition, managers can recruit and select new employees to help change origin values. As Harris and Metallinos (2002) stated that new employees were outside the company who did not affect by origin organizational culture, thus they were easy to accept new culture. That is why managers to select new employees to enlarge the power to change organizational culture. The new values and beliefs can be brought into the company in this way. In the same way, managers can retrain employees and engraft new rules to them, although it will not have better effect than new employees, it also can help to change organizational culture. In a word, managers need to create new values and beliefs to substitute origin one. Technology change also can promote to change organisational change. Although Weick (1990) thought technology change may make people anxiety about the values of new technology to their work, the new technology is the progress to organisational culture. There is no doubt technology change may improve work efficiency which may improve organisational culture. As Harris and Metallinos (2002) suggested that the application of new technology and subsequent development of system would promote standardization. The implementation of new technology can make employees understand new things which break routine. It also can be the sally port to open the mind of employees, let them know advantages of changing. When they can accept technology change, it is easy for them to support to change organisational change. Thus, managers can first bring in advanced technology to improve organisational change. Then teaching them to learn about it and establish new values in this process. This essay introduces what are the organisational culture and two main parts of organisational culture, the reason why changing organisational culture is difficult and how managers do to change it. This essay support to change organisational culture is so difficult because of the fear of unknown and difficult process to form organisational culture.